Monday, June 22, 2015

Anatomy of a Logo: The Question


The Question logo was commissioned by Robbin Brosterman, a designer at DC Comics, who said a book, compiling the 1987 to 1990 comic books by Dennis O’Neil and Denys Cowan, was going to be published. During our meeting, Robbin suggested using a brushstroke or brush lettering.

I started rough designs on October 1, 1991. One idea was placing the title inside a brushstroke. Another sketch had the question mark in the letter O, and one had part of the question mark as the tail of the Q.






On sheets of newsprint, I used a brush to write out the title. I used newsprint because the ink dries quickly. I’ve reconstructed, as much as possible, the five sheets of newsprint which had been cut up to create the final logo art.

I did a number of circular warm-up strokes. I changed the angle of the tip to make the strokes rough and streaky rather than solid. On the sheet below, the title with the Post-it Note is composed of several pieces of lettering.




On this sheet, I cut out and used the O, part of the N, and tail of a Q. It wasn’t necessary to write Question as a whole word.


“The” was lettered horizontally and vertically. I also lettered the Q without a tail which was drawn separately and added later. 



Here I tried a rectangular Q. The amount of ink in the brush affects the roughness and streakiness of the stroke.


From this sheet part of the E was used elsewhere.


After about fifteen minutes, I stopped lettering and began assembling the logo by combining the letters and parts of brushstrokes.


The following photographs of the above samples show how the various pieces were fitted together. The Q was in three pieces; the E had two parts; TION was repositioned; and a different N was used.


A Q from another sheet was used with the rest of the lettering.


This scan shows the size and scale of the lettering. The vertical versions of THE were lettered as a single units without adding any pieces. 


Here was how all the pieces, for this logo, were put together.


I faxed these four designs to Robbin. She also liked design number four over the others and suggested some adjustments to the Q and O.


I made photostats of the O then added a new tail to make the Q. Post-it Notes were very handy substitutes for white paint.


I didn’t turn in the newsprint artwork because it was too fragile. Over time the newsprint would have turned brown and brittle. I submitted a photostat of the lettering as final art. I made another change to the logo by moving up the O and N.


Months later, I found out from Robbin that The Question book had been cancelled because of insufficient orders from the comics stores. So, my logo was never used. 

(Next post on Monday: British Printing Ink Advertisements)

Monday, June 15, 2015

Typography: Bock Ngar Chy Co.



Warner M. Van Norden
1918
Lee Shew Hung—was born in San Francisco in 1882. At the age of four he was sent home to the land of his forefathers to receive Chinese training. He returned to the United States when he was fifteen, to study in the American schools. His second trip to China was made in 1902. After returning to the United States in 1905 he abandoned further studies in order to take up his father’s business—that of importing and exporting. After the fire and earthquake in San Francisco he opened the Bock Ngar Chy Company, a firm of printers and stationers in that city. Four years ago he came to New York, and was employed for a short time as a bookkeeper. Later he organized the Asia Noodle Company, and became the president and general manager of the firm. Mr. Lee has been President of the Hock San Society and the Lin Sang Society. Address—10 Pell Street.

San Francisco Chronicle
(California)
October 9, 1909
A Chinese student wants a position in the city 
as schoolboy. V. B. Bock Ngar Chy, 813 
Washington st., city.

February 1915

San Francisco Chronicle
(California)
March 9, 1919
Bock Ngar Chy & Co, 920 Grant av.,
China 1110. Translation Chinese and 
English. Rubber Stamps.

Rubber Stamp

Bock Ngar Chy Co.
Type Specimen Catalogue
circa 1925
30 pages includes one blank
5.625 x 8.5 in / 14.3 x 21.6 cm





























Bock Ngar Chy Company
Receipts and Invoices

1931 San Francisco Directory
Bock Ngar Chy & Co.....920 Grant av

1949 San Francisco Chinese Directory
Bock Ngar Chy Co…..556 Kearny

Bock Ngar Chy, Youth Printing Co.
1956 Calendar
(calendar scanned in three sections and stitched together)

Online Archive of California
Thomas W. Chinn Interview
San Francisco Printing Companies

(Next post on Monday: The Question)

Monday, June 8, 2015

Creator: Elaine Rawlinson


The First Woman Who Designed a United States Postage Stamp


Elaine Rawlinson was born in Manhattan, New York City, on January 26, 1911. Her birth date was found on a 1932 passenger list at Ancestry.com. Rawlinson’s parents were Thomas Rawlinson and Madeline Berls, who married on June 2, 1906 in Manhattan, according to the New York, New York, Marriage Index at Ancestry.com.

In the 1910 U.S. Federal Census, Rawlinson’s parents lived in the household of Robert Berls, Rawlinson’s maternal grandfather who owned and operated a bakery. Rawlinson’s maternal grandparents were German emigrants. They resided in Manhattan at 368 West 120 Street. Rawlinson’s father was an accountant at an electric company. When Rawlinson’s father signed his World War I draft card, on September 12, 1918, he lived with his mother at 414 St. Nicholas Avenue in Manhattan.

In the 1920 census, Rawlinson’s maternal grandmother, a widow, was the head of the household and ran the bakery. Rawlinson’s mother was the bakery cashier. They continued to live at 368 West 120 Street.

All three women were recorded in the 1930 census at 536 West 113th Street in Manhattan. All of them were unemployed.

Rawlinson and her mother were involved with a national sorority, according to the Brooklyn Daily Eagle (New York), March 6, 1932:

Greek Letter Clubs
Mrs. Robert Nelson Errington, president of Alpha Epsilon chapter of Pi Omicron National Sorority, entertained the members at tea at her home yesterday. Mrs. Errington is also recording secretary of the national chapter. Miss Francis Kingsley, vice president, and Mrs. Madeline Rawlinson, hostess of the chapter, poured tea.
Pi Omicron is a movement in adult education, now represented in 42 States, with a membership of about 40,000 women. Plans for the second national convention, to be held in Los Angeles next Summer, are now under way. Prof. Eugene Armfield, A. B., M. A.. Ph. D., is the program director of the New York City chapter.
Among those present were: Miss Margaret H. Barnes, Miss Hazel C. Bolduc, Miss Stella Brandt, Miss Mabel S. Briggs, Miss Frances K. Burr, Miss Ethel Davis, Mrs. Mary F. Clock, Miss Martha Dunn, Miss Irene V. Hickey, Miss Grace Joslin, Miss Anne Lincoln, Miss Georgette C. Louzier, Miss H. F. McDevitt, Mrs. Oiga C. Moore, Miss Anna M. McLean, Miss Carrie Otten, Mrs. Madeline Rawlinson, Miss Elaine Rawlinson, Mrs. Jane Fuller Rowe, Mrs. Carolyn F. Reid, Miss L. Blanche Schontz, Mrs. Mary M. Schontz, Miss Louise Soule. Miss Marguerite H. Shepherd and Miss Emma Witt.
Almost a month later, a related article was published in the Daily Eagle, April 3, 1932:
Greek Letter Clubs
The New York-Alpha Epsilon chapter of Pi Omicron national sorority will hold an afternoon tea and card party at the Hotel Wellington next Saturday from 3 to 5 o’clock. A small exhibition of the paintings of Miss Elaine Rawlinson will be held. The proceeds of the tea will go into the convention fund to send delegates to the national convention to be held in Los Angeles next Summer.
Mrs. Robert Nelson Errington, president; Miss Frances Kingsley Burr, vice president, and Mrs. Madeline Rawlinson, hostess of the chapter, will receive the guests.
Members of Alpha and Beta chapters in Newark, N.J.,and Gamma chapter in Elizabeth, N. J., will attend.
Rawlinson and her mother visited Germany. A passenger list, at Ancestry.com, said they sailed from Bremen, Germany on November 4, 1932. They arrived in New York City November 10. Their home address was 390 Riverside Drive, New York City.

The New York Times, January 13, 1934, said Rawlinson was the maid of honor at the wedding of Violet Jambor and George Sziklai.

The following day, Edward Alden Jewell, art critic of the Times, reviewed the annual exhibition of the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. He named several works and their creators, and mentioned Rawlinson. The Times, April 30, 1934, reported the annual student exhibition of Art Schools of the National Academy of Design: “Other young artists whose work shows distinct promise include…Elaine Rawlinson….”

Rawlinson was one of six students who received awards of merit at graduation of the Free Art Schools of the National Academy of Design, according the Times, May 3, 1934. Among her prizes were the $25 School Prize from the Life Schools (Painting from the Nude); $5 prize for Best Palettes and the Handling of Pigments; and $10 School Prize from the Composition Classes’ Decoration and Design category.

The Times, August 26, 1935, said Rawlinson attended the Japanese festival, Kanko Dei at the Balsams, Dixville Notch.

On April 15, 1936, Rawlinson and her mother returned from Bermuda. Their names and birth years were recorded on the passenger list; 1911 was on Rawlinson’s line.


The Allied Artists of America group show was reviewed in the Times, May 17, 1936. The reviewer said: “…it is very gratifying to find interspersed examples testifying to a spirit of more creative freshness, which reassures the eye that has become so wearied with facile cliches, with the unimaginative adherence to formula.” Among the artist and paintings named was Rawlinson’s, “Susan”.

The New York Sun, January 9, 1937, named Rawlinson as one of several New York guests registered at the Chateau Frontenac, in Quebec, for ski outings.

The Times, January 24, 1937, said Rawlinson was in a group show of portraits at the Decorators Club Gallery in the Squib Building, New York City. The March 17, 1937 Times said Rawlinson was in the twentieth exhibition at the Temporary Galleries of the Municipal Art Committee. A March 21, 1937 Times art review said there was an “academic tone” to the paintings on the fourth floor which included portraits by Rawlinson.

“Girls’s Stamp Design Wins $500 in Contest” was a headline in the Times, September 30, 1937, which said:

Miss Elaine Rawlinson, a young artist of 390 Riverside Drive, won first prize of $500 yesterday in the National Stamp Competition for a design for the one-cent stamp in the new Presidential series, it was announced by the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department in Washington, Section of Painting and Sculpture.
…The competition was for the first postage stamp of a proposed “Presidential Series.”…If completed, the series will include stamps portraying of the Presidents. The one-cent stamp is a portrait of Washington and the two-cent will portray Adams.
…Miss Rawlinson, still in her early 20s, is a former student of the National Academy of Design School and later studied mural painting at the Beaux-Arts Institute.
There were 1,122 artists competing for the three prizes offered by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing. A second article in the Times, October 3, 1937, said seventy-five designs were selected out the 1,122. That number was reduced to twelve then the final six. The members of the committee of award were Duncan Phillip of the Phillips Memorial Gallery, H.M. Southgate, president of the Bureau Issues Association; Mrs. Catherine L. Manning, philatelist, Smithsonian Institution; Carl Rollins, typographer, president of Yale Press, and John Taylor Arms. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a stamp collector, chose the stamp design winner.

The Times said Rawlinson’s design “is something wholly ‘new’ in this country’s stamp history, according to government philatelists.” The specifications for the one-cent George Washington stamp required either a full-face view or profile. Rawlinson used the Houdon bust at Mount Vernon; “…but what stands out in her design, besides its simplicity, is the position of the head—at one side, leaving a comparatively large area to be filled with solid green. This green forms a good background for the block letters….” Absent were the engraving lines common in most stamps. Printing a solid background was a technical problem for the Bureau, which changed the solid background into parallel horizontal lines. Rawlinson’s Washington stamp was available April 25, 1938.





The Rhinebeck Gazette (New York), May 13, 1938, identified the people who translated Rawlinson’s design into the stamps.
…Although the design used on the half-cent, one cent and the one and one-half cent stamps is an adaptation of her work, Miss Elaine Rawlinson is given credit by the Government as the designer of the stamps. On the one cent stamp, John Eissler engraved the portrait and J. T. Vail the lettering. On the one and one-half cent stamp, L. C. Kauffman engraved the portrait of Martha Washington and Mr. Vail handled the lettering. No other announcements as to engravers on the balance of the stamps of the series has been made.
A timeline of the Presidential Series release dates is at the USPS site; scroll down to 1938.

The Sun, May 7, 1938, reported Rawlinson’s upcoming speaking engagement.

Miss Elaine Rawlinson, whose prize winning design forms the basis of the new presidential series, will be the guest speaker at the May 12 meeting of the Women’s Philatelic Society, to be held at the Hotel Commodore.
Rawlinson and her mother spent part of their summer in Westport, New York. The Sun, June 11, 1938, said:
Miss Elaine Rawlinson of Riverside Drive, New York city, whose design for the recently issued series of one-cent stamps, featuring a profile of George Washington, was accepted by the Post Office Department, was a guest with her mother, Mrs. Thomas C. Rawlinson, over the Decoration Day weekend of Mark Whitman, president of the Westport Inn and Country Club and Mrs. Whitman, at their Garden Cottage in the Westport Inn park. Mrs. Rawlinson and her daughter are among the guests of previous seasons who will return to the Inn later in the season.
The Times art critic, Edward Alden Jewell, reviewed, on October 15, 1938, the twenty-fifth annual Allied Artists of America exhibition. He wrote: “Among the more robust or technically accomplished things are...‘The Artist’ by Elaine Rawlinson….”

The December 1938 issue of Boys’ Life published the Presidential Series stamps of Zachary Taylor, Franklin Pierce and Abraham Lincoln.

The Presidential Series Manual
Albert T. Kunze
Tanki Mail Advertising Service, 1939

The Times, April 30, 1939, said Rawlinson was a member of the executive committee that was involved in the “Union Pacific” Wild West costume party at the National Arts Club. The money raised was for the scholarship fund to assist talented students in the visual and performing arts.

The following year, Rawlinson was involved in the Pan-American ball at the National Arts Club, as reported in the Sun, April 10, 1940.

Rawlinson’s design for the Philippines two-centavos stamp, featuring Jose Rizal y Mercado, was approved according to the Times, December 29, 1940. She submitted her design in the First National Stamp Design Contest conducted by the Asociacion Filatelica de Filipinas in cooperation with the islands’ postal authorities.



In the 1940 census, Rawlinson’s address was 34 Sutton Place, Manhattan, New York City. She was a freelance artist whose highest level of education was the third year of high school. Her mother, the head of the household, was an estate manager.

Rawlinson was a junior member of the National Arts Club. The Times, May 14, 1942, covered the award ceremony and said she received a $5 prize for photography.

According to the Social Security Death Index, Rawlinson, as Elaine R. Fisk, passed away October 19, 1989, and her last residence was Johnson City, Tennessee. Jim Fisk, Rawlinson’s son, wrote about her presidential stamps (here) and her struggles with arthritis (here).


Further Reading

National Postal Museum
Elaine Rawlinson article has a photograph of her

A History of America in Thirty-six Postage Stamps
Chris West
Macmillan, 2014
pages 165–166: Elaine Rawlinson


Art in Stamps

(Next post on Monday: Bock Ngar Chy Co.)

Monday, June 1, 2015

Lettering: Daniel T. Ames, Master Penman

1835, Vershire, Vermont – August 26, 1909, Mountain View, California

1860 United States Federal Census
Oswego, New York
Name / Age
Daniel T. Ames 23

1865 New York State Census
Syracuse, New York
Name / Age
Daniel Ames 29
Fanny Ames 24 (wife)
Florence Ames 2 (daughter)

Trow’s New York City Directory, 1871-’72
Ames Daniel T, college, 756 B’way, h L.I.

1880 United States Federal Census
543 Walnut Street, Elizabeth, New Jersey
Name / Age
Daniel T. Ames 44
Fannie L. Ames 39
Florence Ames 17
George Ames 13

Hill’s Album of Biography and Art, 1882


Hill’s Album of Biography and Art, 1882


Hill’s Album of Biography and Art, 1882



















































































Hill’s Album of Biography and Art, 1890

Hill’s Album of Biography and Art, 1891






















































Ames’ Alphabets: Adapted to the Use of Architects, Engineers, Artists, Sign Painters, Draughtsmen, Etc.
Daniel T. Ames
W. T. Comstock, 1884 (5th Revised Edition)

Copartnership and Corporation Directory of New York City, 1889
Ames Daniel T. & Son (Daniel T. & George J. Ames) 206 B’way 

Penman’s Art Journal
November 1897
“The Fair Will Case.”

Penman’s Art Journal
May 1898
“Lecture by D. T. Ames”

Ainslee’s Magazine
September 1899
“The Science of Handwriting”

Ames on Forgery: Its Detection and Illustration, with Numerous Causes Célèbres
Daniel T. Ames
Ames-Rollinson Company, 1900

The Salt Lake Tribune
(Utah)
August 27, 1909
“Daniel T. Ames, Noted Handwriting Expert, Dies”

The San Francisco Call
(California)
August 27, 1909
“Famous Expert in Handwriting Dies Aged 74”

The San Francisco Chronicle
(California)
August 27, 1909
“Death Claims Daniel T. Ames” 
Handwriting Expert Passes Away at Mountain View Home. 
Mountain View, August 26.—Daniel T. Ames, who had won national prominence as a handwriting expert, and who had been retained in many celebrated cases both in the east and in California, died at his home in Mountain View at 5 o’clock this morning. 
Ames was 83 years old and his death was due to a general breaking down of his vital powers. He had been in an enfeebled condition for the last three years, a part of the time being confined to his room. He had been about the house on Sunday and had retired a little earlier than usual. When his wife followed him a little later she found him in a semi-conscious condition, and, although he recognized her, he did not rally. 
Born in Vermont, Ames became a student in chirography early in life and taught a school of penmanship for some time, coming into prominence later as a witness in celebrated cases where the authenticity of handwriting was disputed. One of the principal cases with which he was connected was that of the Morley [sic] letters, which purported to give President Garfield’s opinions on the Chinese labor question. He is also understood to have been called upon to examine several of the documents in the Dreyfus case. 
He came to California first in connection with the Fair will case and was later retained in the Davis will case, although the bulk of the work in that instance was done by other experts, and in the Botkin trial. He was the author of several works, among them being “Ames on Forgery.” 
He leaves a widow, a son and daughter living in Mountain View, two sisters at Branden, Vt., and two brothers at Clinton, Wis. The funeral will be held on Saturday from the family residence. The interment will be at Alta Mesa Cemetery.

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(Next post on Monday: Elaine Rawlinson)